10. Exploring the Unknown: Future Research and Potential Applications
The possibility for future study and uses increases along with our knowledge of hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Bioprospecting—the hunt for new molecules and organisms with possible industrial or medicinal uses—is one area of great interest. Unique enzymes and other biomolecules potentially valuable in many biotechnological applications have evolved in response to the harsh environment near hydrothermal vents. For some DNA amplification methods, for instance, heat-stable enzymes from vent organisms are already applied. Another field of study is on the possibility of hydrothermal systems sustaining life on other worlds. Astrobiologists have been thrilled about the prospect of extraterrestrial life in our solar system with the recent discovery of hydrothermal activity on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. From an Earth science standpoint, hydrothermal vent research offers important new angles on the dynamics of plate tectonics, the production of mineral deposits, and elemental cycling across the crust and seas. We should find even more surprises buried in the depths of our seas as technology develops and more thorough and protracted studies of these deep-sea habitats become possible. New autonomous underwater vehicles capability of exploring and sampling hydrothermal vents at deeper depths and for longer periods of time could be developed in future studies. Furthermore of increasing relevance is knowledge of the possible effects of climate change on these ecosystems and their function in worldwide biogeochemical cycles. Our exploration and study of hydrothermal vents will probably lead to discoveries that not only advance our scientific knowledge but also have practical uses in sectors from medicine to environmental preservation, so transforming our understanding of life, Earth processes, and the possibility for life outside our planet.