13. Biomimetic Architecture for Wind Resistance
Millions of years of evolution by nature has produced structures capable of withstanding severe weather conditions; now, architects and engineers are looking to these natural designs for inspiration in building construction able to better resist tornado-force winds. Known as biomimetric architecture, this method solves difficult human problems by replicating natural world structures and systems. Within the framework of tornado resistance, some intriguing ideas are developing that might transform building in high-risk areas. Adoption of forms influenced by termite mounds is one well-known example. Renowned for their stability and capacity to resist high winds are these natural constructions. Building with similar aerodynamic characteristics, architects are using a broad base that tapers towards the top. This form assists the structure to deflect wind forces, therefore lowering the pressure on it. Furthermore, the internal architecture of termite mounds—with its intricate system of tunnels and chambers—is being modified to produce houses with better ventilation and temperature control—qualities that could be quite important in the wake of a tornado when electricity might be out. Still another design influenced by nature learns from cactus structure. Some contemporary buildings now feature external “fins,” or ridges like those seen on barrel cactus. These elements break up the wind flow around the construction, therefore lowering the total force applied to the building. The deep-rooted cactus structure has also influenced foundation designs meant to give more stability in strong winds. Another natural design being used for wind-resistant building is the spiral form of seashells. Spirally or helical-shaped buildings help to distribute wind forces more fairly over the construction, therefore lowering the chance of catastrophic failure. Furthermore aesthetically beautiful, this design helps to raise public acceptance of these novel buildings. Most remarkably, some architects find inspiration in the flexible character of palm trees. While inflexible buildings generally fail in strong winds, palm plants withstand hurricanes by leaning with the breeze. This has resulted in the creation of “flexible” buildings that may gently swing in heavy gusts, dispersing rather than totally repelling energy. Many times, these designs use cutting-edge materials and damping mechanisms to regulate movement of the construction. Urban designers are also using biomimetric ideas to create tornado-resistant communities outside of single structures. For example, the location of buildings and green areas in metropolitan areas is modeled by the way trees in a forest aid to dissipate wind energy. These biomimetic designs promise to produce buildings and communities that are not only more resistant to tornado damage but also more energy-efficient and in harmony with their natural surroundings as they continue to develop and be improved by advanced computer modeling and real-world testing. From a paradigm of strict resistance to one of adaptive resilience, this approach marks a dramatic change in how we view constructing in tornado-prone locations.